The main macrosociological paradigms include structural functionalism and conflictology.

The social management system includes the following components:

control mechanism, control structure, control objects, control functions, control personnel, control process.

Management system – is a form of interaction and development of management relations, expressed primarily in the laws and principles of management, as well as the purpose, functions, structure, methods, process and mechanism of management.

The management mechanism is created and purposefully changed by people who regulate the whole set of functions, forms, methods, levers and incentives of social management to achieve its greatest effectiveness in these specific historical conditions. Society as a complex, multi-purpose social system requires that the management mechanism ensures a clear interaction of all its subsystems and the solution of the problems facing it. From these positions in the general mechanism of management allocate economic, organizational and social and cultural mechanisms which basis of interdependent functioning make requirements of system of objective laws of social development and management.

Management functions are special types of activity that express whether the directions of the stage of implementation of purposeful influence on the connections and relations of people in the process of life of society and management. The main functions of social management include planning and forecasting, organization, coordination and regulation, incentives and training, analysis and control.

The structure reflects the composition and subordination of the various elements, units and levels of government that function to achieve a certain goal. Functions and structure of management are two sides of a single whole – the compare and contrast essay cheap 123 help organization of the social management system and act accordingly as the content and form of the management process.

The management structure can be low-level (flat) and multi-level (high), as well as belong to one of the three main types of organizational structures – linear, functional or linear-functional (staff). Thus features of object of management in many respects define creation of the corresponding control systems.

If, for example, any system has a pronounced „feminine“ origin, then the management style in it should be more democratic and collegial, and the most acceptable types of organizational structure will be functional, matrix, staff. In the conditions of the social system with the predominance of the „masculine“ beginning, the style of government should tend to authoritarianism and single-headedness, which is reflected in the organizational structure, which should be linear, linear-functional, etc.

Social systems and their components

Social systems, as noted, are both the subject and the object of management, which determines the need to consider the subject and the object of management as two systems (control and managed), which are in constant interaction. Thus the control system (subject of management) acts as a part of the controlled (object of management), and its size and borders depend on scales and features of the last. It follows that the functioning of the subject of management is determined mainly by the characteristics of the object.

In the social system itself and in its large components (managed and controlling systems), peculiar systems of a smaller level are clearly visible:

technical system is a proportional combination of individual technical means from many separate types of different equipment; technological system is based on the distribution of material and spiritual production, political activity at stages and processes. It is a set of rules and regulations that determine the sequence of operations in the process of material or spiritual production and their management; organizational system by developing a management structure that meets the provisions and instructions allows the rational use of technical and technological means, space and manpower; economic system is the unity of economic and financial processes and relations; social system is a set of social relations formed as a result of joint activities, and together with the economic determines the goals of material and spiritual production, social policy, forms the principles and methods of their organization.

All systems are interdependent and in their unity constitute a holistic social organism. In this case, the technical, technological and organizational systems together provide and characterize the organizational and technical side of management, and economic and social – socio-economic.

Each such system in certain periods of development of social goals can occupy a dominant position, thus characterizing the features of different parts of the organizational structure of management (leading position of technical and technological, organizational and legal, economic or social services), as well as a dominant position in social management. or other management professions. At the same time, the change of leading positions of representatives of various management professions corresponds, in our opinion, to the cyclical prevalence of organizational, technical, socio-economic aspects of management, as well as one of the lower level systems.

Conclusions. It is known that the development of world management in the twentieth century went through a number of stages. Initially, senior management positions and a leading position in the development of management problems were occupied by engineers, who seeks to rationalize and mechanize production; they were replaced by economists and financiers, who saw the main task in obtaining maximum profits through the proper use of economic laws and effective capital management.

Then came a period when the top management began to recruit lawyers, believing that the main thing in management and business – compliance with regulations, instructions, other regulations and the rule of law in general.

Currently, senior managers and developers of global problems of social management are people from the structures of personnel management, ie personnel experts, who put at the center of the modern concept of human management. According to leading Western researchers, it is personnel experts who will occupy leading positions in the management of the modern world. To other owls, the modern director is the personnel director, each manager is the personnel manager.

literature

Features of social management. Management of society: problems and prospects. Sociology. Textbook / Ed. Furnaces. – K., 2000.

05/30/2012

Sociological knowledge: basics of structuring. Abstract

The term „sociology“ is derived from two words: the Latin societas – society and the Greek logos – doctrine. Thus, sociology is the science of society, and this definition is recognized by almost all sociologists.

In accordance with the above understanding of sociology, we can consider the structure of sociological knowledge:

general sociological theories that reflect the defining trends in the formation and functioning of social communities, the role and place in these processes of man as a social being; special sociological theories that study the development and reproduction of individual social communities, as well as the essence and basic characteristics of social man; branch sociological theories that reveal the mechanisms of life and functioning of social communities in certain spheres of social life and the processes of human socialization; empirical sociological research aimed at clarifying, analyzing and generalizing social facts: actions, deeds and thinking of people, specific products of human activity, development and interaction of socially created social communities.

The structure of sociological knowledge can be represented by the following scheme:

GENERAL SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES
Special sociological theories	Sectoral sociological theories
—Sociology of personality	—Sociology of culture
—Sociology of the family	—Sociology of politics
—Sociology of youth	—Sociology of labor and management
– sociology of the city	—Sociology of leisure
—Sociology of the village	—Sociology of education
– sociology of class, state	—Sociology of education
– sociology of class, state	—Sociology of social deviations
—Sociology of the nation
Empirical sociological research

 

All these components of sociological knowledge are closely linked: without a scientifically sound theory, empirical sociological research is unable to give a reliable picture of social processes, to generalize them into a coherent system, and the theory itself, in turn, risks falling behind and becoming a dogma. , if it does not feed on primary sociological information about changes and new trends in society.

Taking into account the features of modern sociology, namely its growing multiplicity, we will try to distinguish the main scientific paradigms around which the sociological thought of today revolves. The term „paradigm“ is introduced into scientific circulation by the American scientist Thomas Kuhn in order to define a certain model of problem statement and its solution. This model is the basis of a theory, includes a set of basic principles and principles, a specific set of categories and is recognized by a certain circle of scientists. From this point of view, modern Western sociology is divided into a number of dominant paradigms and related areas and schools, which can be represented in the following scheme:

Structural paradigms consider the organization, functioning and development of society as a whole at the macro level. Interpretive paradigms focus on the study and interpretation of human behavior at the micro level. Empirical sociology deals with the solution of practical problems of managing social processes, the development of means of social control and social engineering, etc. at the level of specific sociological research.

The main macrosociological paradigms include structural functionalism and conflictology. A special place in it also belongs to the integral sociology of P. Sorokin, which covers all sociological aspects of socio-cultural reality.

The founders of modern structural functionalism are considered to be the American sociologists Tolcott Parsons (1902-1979) and Robert Merton (b. 1910), who creatively used the ideas of G. Spencer, E. Durkheim, M. Weber and other predecessors in their works.

In the structural approach, the object of study (society, social institution or social process) consists of units or elements that are part of it and form a certain structure.